The Paris Agreement and the New Urban Agenda are two different international agreements that address different aspects of global sustainability and development, but they are interrelated in the context of climate action and urbanization. The relationship between the Paris Agreement and the New Urban Agenda can be understood as two agreements that recognize the importance of building climate resilience in urban areas. 

The New Urban Agenda recognizes that urban centers are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. So this agenda really highlights the interconnectedness of various urban challenges, including climate change, and calls for holistic solutions. Meanwhile, the Paris Agreement promotes the importance of integrating climate considerations with all aspects of development planning, for example considering local and regional vulnerabilities for adaptation actions. 

The New Urban Agenda points, for example promoting sustainable transport, improving urban infrastructure and increasing social justice, align with the goals of the Paris Agreement in terms of reducing emissions and building resilience. 

Regarding the factors causing climate change, the New Urban Agenda highlights that cities are the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. This is due to the density of residential areas concentrated in urban areas, energy use and economic activity. In response to this, the New Urban Agenda emphasizes the implementation of sustainable transportation, energy efficiency and low-carbon development strategies, which are in line with the Paris Agreement's emission reduction targets. Together with the New Urban Agenda, the Paris Agreement recognizes the important role of subnational and local governments in climate action.

The two agreements are linked in their shared emphasis on sustainable development, climate action and resilience. Aligning urban development planning and policies with climate considerations can contribute significantly to achieving the targets of both agreements while creating a more livable and sustainable environment for its residents. Indonesia, as a country committed to the Paris Agreement, has taken various steps to follow up on this agreement, by: 

1. Setting emission reduction targets
   Indonesia has set a target for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the NDC text submitted to the Paris Agreement. NDC is a national commitment that contains concrete plans to reduce GHG emissions. The Indonesian government initially committed to reducing emissions by 29% of projected emissions levels by 2030 with national funding and 41% with international assistance and cooperation. This target then became more optimistic to the point that Indonesia's GHG emissions reduction with its own capabilities in the Updated NDC (UNDC) was 29%, increasing to 31.89% in the Enhanced NDC (ENDC), while the target with international support in the UNDC was 41%, increasing to 43 .20% on ENDC.
   
   
2. Development of a national action plan 
   Indonesia has developed a National Action Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (RAN-GRK). This plan details the concrete steps that will be taken to achieve the set emission reduction targets.
   
   
3. Renewable energy development 
   Indonesia has invested in developing renewable energy, such as solar and wind power plants, as well as promoting clean and environmentally friendly energy as part of climate change mitigation efforts
   
   
4. Reforestation and forest preservation
   Indonesia has a program to stop deforestation and restore damaged forests. This is important because deforestation is a major contributor to GHG emissions in the country.
   
   
5. Increased use of public transportation 
   The Indonesian government is also working to increase the level of use of public transportation and reduce dependence on fossil fuel-powered motorized vehicles to reduce emissions.
   
   
6. Participation in carbon projects and green funds
   Indonesia participates in carbon projects and obtains green funds to support sustainable projects and emission reduction.
   
   
7. International funding and cooperation 
   Indonesia is involved in international cooperation on climate change, including within the framework of the Paris Agreement. The country is also seeking additional funding sources to support the implementation of its national action plan.
   
   
8. Public awareness campaign 
   The Indonesian government is also carrying out a campaign to increase public awareness about the importance of reducing GHG emissions and the impacts of climate change. The overall relationship and efforts to implement various global commitments to achieve sustainable cities are summarized in the New Urban Agenda implementation report submitted by the Ministry of PUPR at the end of 2021. The NUA Implementation Report activities produced 2 NUA reports, namely the Provisional Report and the Final Report.